Infrastructure refers to the physical and technical foundations that support energy transition and climate adaptation. In the context of large-scale renewable energy deployment, it includes strengthened power grids, expanded battery storage, and hydrogen infrastructure. Because solar and wind power vary with weather and the day-night cycle, large-scale adoption requires systems for long-duration storage and supply-demand balancing. For storage over several days to weeks, a combination of power-to-gas technologies such as hydrogen, geothermal energy, pumped storage, and demand response is considered necessary. Cross-border grid interconnection is also seen as a promising way to share renewable surpluses and shortages across wider regions.
Infrastructure is equally important in climate adaptation. Resilient design is used to improve resistance to flooding and heat waves, including heat-resistant infrastructure and urban cooling-green design. These measures can reduce harm from extreme weather, but they cannot eliminate all disasters, and economic losses still occur as extreme events increase. In addition, infrastructure can be a subject of artistic and critical inquiry: in the case of data centers, elements such as land, buildings, electricity, cooling systems, and corporate ownership are treated as part of the infrastructure that shapes the work.